https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor
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we live in a world of around 300k in temp, which is around 80f. Up to about 2200psi or 150bar, the gasses behave about 1:1. As in, in a 1l volume cylinder, at 150bar, there will be 150 liters of gas in there. Cave fills are 250bar, which means the compressibility factor is around 1.07, so you have 7% less gas than you think you do, so that tank at 250bar, doesn't hold 250 liters of gas, it only holds about 235 liters. So let's say the tank is filled to 240bar for easy math. Instead of 240, it actually holds 225. Since we don't factor that into gas planning, when we go "in" for a third, in this case 80 bar of pressure, instead of breathing 80 liters on that 1l tank, we actually only breathed 65. So, on the way out, where we have "2x the gas needed for exit", you actually have about 2.4x the gas needed to get out. Gives a bit of an extra safety buffer.
Oh, and this is for air, different gasses compress differently, which should be explained in a blending class, especially when you test the gas you blended, and the O2 percentage is off, O2, N2, and He all compress at different rates.


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